Mahajanapada kingdoms (republic kingdoms) of ancient India included Gandhara, Kuntala, Kuru, Panchala, Shakya, Surasena, and Saurashtra. The coins of this period were punch-marked coins called Puranas, old Karshapanas, or Panas. Several of these coins had a single symbol; for example, Saurashtra had a humped bull, and Dakshin Panchala had a Swastika. Others, like Magadha, had several symbols. These coins were made of silver of a standard weight but with an irregular shape. This was gained by cutting up silver bars and then making the correct weight by cutting the edges of the coin. They are mentioned in the Manu, Panini, and Buddhist Jataka stories and lasted three centuries longer in the south than the north (600 BCE–300 CE).