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Home / Courses / Visual Perception for Communication Designers / 9. Perception, Attention and Change / 9.4 Why does inattentional blindness and change blindness take place?
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Visual Perception for Communication Designers

Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems Studios
by
Vivek Kant, Sruthi Sridhar and Others
IDC, IIT Bombay
9.4 Why does inattentional blindness and change blindness take place?
 
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One apparent reason is the mental workload. According to the mental workload theory, when we devote a lot of mental energy to one stimulus, we exhaust our cognitive resources and are unable to comprehend additional stimuli at the same time. Similarly, some psychologists describe how we pay attention to various stimuli with differing degrees of attentional capacity, which may impact our capacity to process several stimuli simultaneously. For instance, when someone concentrates intensely on one stimulus (such as a text on a phone while driving), they pay less attention to other stimuli (e.g., the position of other cars on the road).

Another reason is known as conspicuity. According to the principle of conspicuity, sensory and cognitive stimuli are two categories that are more likely to be processed. Sensory stimuli could be colour, brightness, and cognitive stimuli could be something familiar. As a result, stimuli that do not fall into one of these two groups may be overlooked. Seeing a gorilla in a basketball game is unusual in the actual world and is one of the reasons why people so frequently "miss the gorilla." Also, due to the busy focus on white T-shirts, the brain "zones out" the people in the black T-shirts. As a result, the brain misses the black-coloured gorilla, which is completely focused on tracking white T-shirts passing the balls. Consequently, one could not notice such peculiar visual cues while preoccupied with cognitively taxing tasks such as observing the game's specifics.

While a visual stimulus's salience is determined by its physical characteristics, its cognitive salience is determined by the observer's previous knowledge. Inattentional blindness will likely result when a stimuli's sensory or cognitive conspicuity significantly decreases. For instance, an object that is visible but not visually striking may pass unnoticed. On the other hand, if an object is unrelated to the observer's interests, even a visually intriguing object may fail to hold the observer's attention.

As mentioned previously, change blindness is when an observer fails to detect a change made to the visual stimulus. The interstimulus interval is the brief period between the two subsequent visual scenes, with the latter slightly modified.

The visual sensory memory register, known as iconic memory, is where visual images are stored after a physical stimulus has ceased to exist. Although it has a large capacity, iconic memory deteriorates quickly. Typically, information recorded in iconic memory vanishes in less than a second.

The iconic memory store is hypothesized to be diminished by the interstimulus interval duration. In other words, recognizing changes in a visual scene depends on iconic memory. But when the interstimulus gap gets longer, the likelihood of failures in iconic memory increases, causing change blindness.

Here is another example of inattentional blindness 

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File Inattentional_Blindness.mp443.25 MB
 Source: Madhuri Suresh, Jinal Shah & Reshma Issac

Here are a few more examples of change blindness videos and what has been changed.

Main Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qnczjwSXz7I
Source: Susana Gomez

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H_KQ_l3JjG0

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File Change_Blindness_1a.mp438.62 MB
Main Video:
Source: Vedang Pathre

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eSFg6zFxe7I

AttachmentSize
File Change_Blindness_1b.mp45.77 MB
Explanation Video:
Source: Vedang Pathre

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Q1MCJNkG9nY

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File Change_Blindness_2a.mp420.06 MB
Main Video:
Source: Dishant Mehlawat, Hemant & Yash Vardhan

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pUINNPQLEzk

AttachmentSize
File Change_Blindness_2b.mp423 MB
Explanation Video:
Source: Dishant Mehlawat, Hemant & Yash Vardhan

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LYejhngjwRM

AttachmentSize
File Change_Blindness_3.mp423.62 MB
 Source: Kunal Khawaskar

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File Change_Blindness_4a.mp485.8 MB
Main Video:
Source: Shreyas Vernekar, Sanskruti Landage & Akshata Khare

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v3mm2rnXeLU

AttachmentSize
File Change_Blindness_4b.mp414.57 MB
Explanation Video:
Source: Shreyas Vernekar, Sanskruti Landage & Akshata Khare

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File Change_Blindness_5.mp44.8 MB
 Source: Stuti Swamiwal

  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Nature of Visual Experience
  • 3. Figure-ground Segregation
  • 4. Edges, Lines and Angles
  • 5. Color and Lightness
  • 6. Illusory Motion
  • 7. Size and Distance
  • 8. Depth and Perspective
  • 9. Perception, Attention and Change
    • 9.1 Fundamentals of Attention and Change
    • 9.2 Inattentional Blindness
    • 9.3 Change Blindness
    • 9.4 Why does inattentional blindness and change blindness take place?
  • 10. Conclusion
  • 11. Appendix
  • 12. References
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  • Credits

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