The Mahindra CJ3A (1949) was one of the earliest utility vehicles manufactured in post-independence India by Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., under licence from Willys Overland, USA. The CJ3A was perfect for tough terrain because of its short wheelbase and high ground clearance. It was powered by the robust Go Devil 134.2 cu in (2.2 L) L-head inline-4 petrol engine, mated to a 3-speed manual transmission with a 2-speed transfer case. The body was built on a ladder-style steel chassis and was mainly made of stamped steel with reinforced panels for endurance. The minimalistic design included a fold-down windscreen and removable canvas top. It was Mahindra's first automobile, and it was a major contributor to the motorisation of rural India. Although it was not designed in India, it was assembled in India using CKD (Completely Knocked Down) kits imported from the United States.

In the aftermath of independence, India faced significant economic challenges. The bicycle emerged as a vital means of transportation, especially for millions of Indians residing in rural areas. Hero Cycles recognized this need and embarked on a journey to revolutionize the Indian bicycle market.

Tata Motors, a well-established Indian automobile manufacturer, entered into a joint venture with Mercedes-Benz in the 1950s to manufacture trucks and commercial vehicles in India. This partnership aimed to leverage Mercedes-Benz's technology and Tata's local expertise.

The story of Ambassador begins with the land master, which is basically the Morris Oxford II. Often referred to as the "King of Indian Roads", the Hindustan Ambassador (1954) was based on the Morris Oxford Series II, which was designed in the United Kingdom and manufactured by Hindustan Motors at their Uttarpara plant close to Kolkata. Its front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout came with a side-valve 1.5L petrol engine, which was later updated with overhead-valve and diesel variants. The vehicle had a spacious cabin, a sturdy body that was appropriate for Indian road conditions, and a traditional, bulbous style with rounded outlines. The body was composed of pressed steel panels that were welded together to create a sturdy unibody shell that was supported by a steel subframe and provided durability and structural stability. Over time, important parts like the steering, axles, and suspension systems were made locally, which helped to localise it. This vehicle was designed for those who would rather sit in the back and enjoy the ride. The Ambassador was a spacious and multipurpose car. Mostly owned as a politician's preferred car, it stood as a symbol of India's automotive independence and resilience for decades.

The Royal Enfield Bullet 350 (1955) was one of the earliest models assembled in India by Enfield India Ltd. at Madras (now Chennai), under license from Royal Enfield, UK. With a teardrop fuel tank, hand-painted pinstripes, a sprung single saddle, and a simple tubular steel frame, its design maintained the traditional British aesthetic while remaining stylish and functional. Together with a 4-speed transmission, the 346 cc air-cooled OHV engine produced steady torque that was perfect for Indian road conditions. The manufacturing process started with a combination of imported CKD (completely knocked down) kits before switching to locally made parts with precise machining for the suspension, frame, and engine. It had drum brakes, 19-inch spoke wheels, a swingarm rear suspension with twin shock absorbers (a novel feature at the time), and telescopic front forks. The 1955 Bullet 350 established Royal Enfield's long-standing relationship with India by becoming a symbol of dependability for both military and civilian applications thanks to its strong build, booming exhaust tone, and exceptional low-end torque.

Premier Automobiles Limited (PAL) launched the Premier Padmini in India in the mid-1960s, basing it on the Italian Fiat 1100D. The Padmini was small and fashionable for its time, with a sleek, European style that appealed to the middle class in urban India. It had rounded edges, a chrome grille, and simple yet graceful lines. Known for its dependability and fuel efficiency, it had a 1.1L inline-four petrol engine and a 4-speed manual gearbox. Although it was made in Mumbai, it was not designed in India. Aesthetically, the car was simple and sleek. It had a 3-box design with chrome-lined round headlights placed at corners with a giant grille at the centre housing the PAL logo and blinkers placed beneath it. It had curved front and rear bumpers crafted in chrome, door handles and a hub wheel cap also made up of chrome. Its cost-effective production was made possible by the local manufacturing of several of its pieces, including the body panels, engine parts and suspension systems, under licence from Fiat. The Premier Padmini became a cultural icon of Indian cities, particularly Mumbai, where it was a well-known black-and-yellow cab for many years due to its small size, ease of manoeuvrability, and fashionable appearance.

The Standard Herald 1965 was a compact sedan produced by Standard Motor Products of India Ltd. (SMPIL) under license from the British company Standard-Triumph. Although it was adapted for Indian conditions, it was based on the Triumph Herald. With a two-door or, subsequently, a four-door saloon body, a forward-hinged bonnet (facilitating quick engine access), and sharp, angular lines, the car had a unique design. The 1965 model was more sophisticated than many of the other models thanks to its 948 cc or updated 1147 cc gasoline engine, rear-wheel drive and independent front suspension. The interiors were simple but practical, usually with metal consoles and vinyl-covered seats, while the body panels were pressed steel with chrome accents on the grille and trimmings. Despite being regarded as rather underpowered, the car, which was manufactured in Chennai (formerly Madras), gained popularity among middle-class families in India due to its dependability and simplicity of maintenance.

The Force Matador 1969 was one of India’s earliest light commercial vehicles, manufactured by Bajaj Tempo Ltd. (now Force Motors) under a license from Tempo-Werke, Germany. It was manufactured in India, not designed in India. Its boxy, practical van-like form made it perfect for transporting both passengers and luggage, and it quickly became common throughout Indian cities and towns. Powered by a 2- or 3-cylinder diesel engine, which is renowned for its toughness and fuel efficiency, the vehicle featured a front-engine, front-wheel-drive arrangement, which was uncommon in India at the time. The Matador's body was made from pressed steel panels, built on a ladder-type chassis, offering durability and ease of repair. The interiors were minimal, with metal dashboards and basic seats using leatherette or vinyl upholstery. Because of its adaptable design, it might be used as delivery vans, minibuses, or ambulances. In India's transport history, the Matador was particularly important for rural travel and small-scale trade in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Jawa Moto produced the Jawa 250 (1961), a Czech motorbike renowned for its sturdy engineering, smooth performance, and exquisite style. It had a 2-stroke, single-cylinder, air-cooled 248cc engine that produced 12–14 horsepower and was mated to a 4-speed gearbox. With a pressed steel backbone and swinging arm rear suspension, the 1961 model's recognisable "C" frame provided a more comfortable ride than rigid frames. With its chrome-finished fuel tank panels, enclosed chain guard, deep valanced fenders, and integrated headlamp and handlebar nacelle, its sleek design gave it a distinctly European look. With its 16-inch or 19-inch spoked rims (depending on the model), drum brakes on both wheels, and a weight of 135–140 kg, the Jawa 250 was both agile and sturdy. The automated oiling system and 2-stroke engine were renowned for their dependability and simplicity of maintenance. Beginning in the mid-1960s, Ideal Jawa Ltd, Mysore, licensed the Jawa 250 for local production, which led to its enormous popularity in India. Its snappy exhaust note, comfy suspension, and smooth acceleration made it a choice among riders for both everyday commuting and touring.

The Rajdoot 175 (1962) was an Indian motorcycle based on the Polish SHL M11, produced under license by Escort Group (then ESPL). It had a 173 cc, single-cylinder, 2-stroke, air-cooled engine that produced about 7–8 horsepower and was connected to a 3-speed gearbox. The bike's telescopic front forks, two shock absorbers at the back, and tubular steel double cradle frame made for a comfortable yet robust ride. With its straightforward and useful design, deep mudguards, a flat single-piece seat, and a contoured fuel tank, it was ideal for Indian roads and load conditions. The Rajdoot 175 had spoked rims and drum brakes on both wheels, providing simple yet dependable braking. Its torquey 2-stroke engine gave good pulling power, which was especially helpful in rural regions and for transporting big goods, and its lightweight weight of 110–115 kg made it easy to use. Farmers, tradesmen, and rural commuters loved the bike because it was tough, easy to maintain, and could handle harsh terrain. The Rajdoot heritage in India began with the 1962 model, which later developed into the recognisable Rajdoot Standard and, subsequently, the Rajdoot Excel-T versions. It established itself as a reliable workhorse in India for many years by being a symbol of toughness and low operating expenses.

The Bajaj Chetak 1972 was an iconic scooter inspired by the Piaggio Vespa Sprint and became a symbol of affordable urban mobility in India. Its design included a large, cosy seat for two, a level floorboard, a rounded front apron, and a traditional curving monocoque steel body. A 2-stroke, single-cylinder, air-cooled 145 cc engine that produced roughly 6–7 horsepower and was connected to a 4-speed hand-shifted gearbox powered the scooter. For basic comfort, it featured a trailing-link front suspension, drum brakes on both wheels, and a kick-starter mechanism. Before Bajaj Auto completely localised production, manufacturing was done in its Akurdi plant near Pune under a licensing arrangement with Piaggio. While parts like the handlebars, rims, and engine casing were built of aluminium alloy to balance weight, the frame and body panels were constructed of pressed steel for durability. The scooter moved on 8-inch steel wheels with tube-style tyres and had a seat with vinyl upholstery and foam padding. In the 1970s, its tough construction, fuel efficiency (around 35 to 40 km/l), and ease of maintenance made it incredibly popular throughout India.

The Yezdi Roadking 1978 was a robust two-stroke motorcycle manufactured by Ideal Jawa Ltd., Mysore, and was based on the CZ 250 motocross bike from Czechoslovakia. It had a 247 cc, air-cooled, single-cylinder, two-stroke engine that produced about 16 horsepower. It was connected to a 4-speed gearbox with a special dual-shift lever, which doubled as a gear lever and a kick-starter. With a flat seat, a teardrop-shaped fuel tank, and little bodywork, the design was muscular but simple, prioritising utility above showmanship. The fuel tank and side panels were composed of pressed steel, and the frame was a double cradle of tubular steel for strength and rigidity. Weight was decreased by using an aluminium alloy for the engine housing and hubs. It featured two 16-inch spoked wheels with drum brakes, telescopic front forks, and twin hydraulic rear shock absorbers. The exhaust had a unique note thanks to its recognisable dual silencers. The Roadking gained popularity among enthusiasts, rally riders, and even the military because of its dependability, exceptional off-road capabilities, and durability.

The TVS 50 XL (1980) was a lightweight moped designed for affordability, ease of use, and rugged performance for Indian road conditions. Large, spoked wheels for improved stability on uneven terrain, a flat seat for rider and pillion comfort, and a simple step-through frame with little bodywork were all features of its design. It was incredibly easy to ride without the need for manual gear shifting due to its 49cc, 2-stroke, single-cylinder, air-cooled engine and single-speed automated or centrifugal clutch gearbox. TVS Motor Company handled the manufacturing, localising a lot of parts to keep costs down and guarantee simple maintenance. The fuel tank and panels were constructed of mild steel with enamel paint for corrosion resistance, while the chassis was composed of pressed steel for durability and low weight. To save money and weight, mudguards, side covers, and grips were made of lightweight plastic and rubber components. The moped had a primitive suspension system (rear coil springs and telescopic front forks), few electrical components, and a basic drum brake system. It was a well-liked option in rural and semi-urban India due to its economical design, low maintenance requirements, and fuel efficiency.

The Sipani Dolphin, launched in 1982, was a compact hatchback manufactured by Sipani Automobiles Ltd in Bangalore, India. The Dolphin, which was based on the UK's Reliant Kitten, was notable for having a fibreglass body, which made it lightweight and resistant to rusting. Its design was compact and sporty, with a two-door configuration, sloping rear hatch, and a simplistic yet forward-looking aesthetic for early 1980s India. An 848 cc four-cylinder petrol engine with rear-wheel drive was installed in the front. The fibreglass panels created problems with durability and repair even though they assisted in lowering production costs and vehicle weight. The fibreglass body was attached to a steel frame that served as the chassis. The interiors were basic, with functional instrumentation and modest fabric or vinyl seating. The Dolphin is still a fascinating episode in Indian automotive history, despite its commercial struggles brought on by a lack of dealer backing and the market's reluctance to accept non-metal bodies.

The Maruti 800, launched in 1983, a contemporary, small, and fuel-efficient hatchback for the general public, signalled a dramatic change in the Indian automobile industry. The Suzuki Fronte/Alto SS80 served as the model for its simple yet useful design, which was perfect for Indian city roads because of its boxy profile, small size, and sparse decoration. Known for its dependability and economy, the car's 796 cc, 3-cylinder, F8B petrol engine was produced by Maruti Udyog Limited in partnership with Suzuki Motor Corporation of Japan. While parts like the dashboard and bumpers were moulded from sturdy polymers, the body shell was composed of monocoque pressed steel panels. The Maruti 800's mass appeal, affordability, and ease of maintenance made it a representation of India's economic liberalisation and the aspirations of the middle class. At the time of its launch, it cost Rs. 48,000, which was a rather substantial amount.

One of India's first luxury sedans, the Hindustan Contessa was introduced by Hindustan Motors in 1984 and was based on the UK's Vauxhall Victor FE from the 1970s. Buyers looking for a high-end vehicle with a Western taste were drawn to its design because of its long, wide body, straight lines, and regal demeanour. It started out with the outdated 1.5L BMC engine, which was also utilised in the Ambassador. Later, it was upgraded with a 1.8L petrol engine and 5-speed gearbox from Isuzu, which greatly increased performance and refinement. The Contessa featured a steel monocoque chassis, pressed steel body panels, and chrome accents, while interiors were furnished with moulded plastic dashboards, fabric upholstery, and faux wood trims. The vehicle, which was manufactured at Hindustan Motors' Uttarpara facility in West Bengal, reflected a period of transition in Indian auto production by combining local assembly with imported components. During the 1980s and early 1990s, politicians and business leaders favoured the Contessa because of its comfort, spaciousness, and official appeal.

The Maruti Omni, launched in 1984 by Maruti Udyog Limited (now Maruti Suzuki India Limited), was India’s first microvan designed for both commercial and family use. The Suzuki Carry, particularly the ST90 generation of the early 1980s—a well-liked kei van/microvan made by Suzuki Motor Corporation, Japan—was the inspiration for the design and concept of the Maruti Omni (1984). Its cab-over-engine configuration and small, boxy shape maximised cabin space. Large windows for visibility, a flat front, and sliding doors were all part of its functional design. The Omni was equipped with a 796cc, 3-cylinder petrol engine, shared with the Maruti 800, offering modest performance with high fuel efficiency. For economical mass manufacturing, the car was built at Maruti's Gurgaon facility using a monocoque chassis mainly composed of mild steel sheets. The interiors had simple vinyl and plastic components, while the body panels were stamped and welded with rudimentary corrosion protection. The Omni has been a common option for ambulances, school vans and the transportation of products on Indian roadways for more than thirty years due to its lightweight design, ease of maintenance and versatility.

The Maruti Gypsy, launched in 1985, was a rugged off-road vehicle based on the Suzuki SJ410 (Jimny) platform, adapted for Indian terrain by Maruti Udyog Limited in collaboration with Suzuki Motor Corporation, Japan. Its design featured a boxy, utilitarian body, flat panels, round headlamps, and a signature slatted grille, suited for durability and ease of repair. The Gipsy was perfect for rugged terrain, military applications, and rural use since it was built on a ladder-frame chassis and had high ground clearance, leaf spring suspension, and part-time 4WD. The early model was powered by a 970cc, 4-cylinder F10A petrol engine, paired with a 4-speed manual gearbox. It was manufactured at Maruti's Gurgaon plant with a steel chassis, pressed mild steel body panels, and simple vinyl, fibreboard, and injection-moulded plastic interiors. The Gipsy cemented its status as an iconic Indian 4x4 by becoming a favourite among the Indian Army, police, and rally drivers due to its dependability and ability to travel anywhere.

The Italian Beauty Fiat 124, which is known in India as the Premier 118NE, launched in 1985 by Premier Automobiles Limited (PAL), was a mid-size sedan developed through a collaboration between PAL, Fiat (Italy), and Nissan (Japan). Although it used Nissan-licensed technical parts, such as the 1.2L (1171cc) Nissan A12 inline-4 petrol engine and a smooth 4-speed manual transmission with rear-wheel drive, it was built on the Fiat 124 platform. With Japanese mechanical dependability, the design kept the Fiat 124's round headlights, chrome embellishments, and clean, boxy European style. PAL's Kurla plant in Mumbai manufactured the body using pressed steel panels and a monocoque construction for structural rigidity. Cost-effective manufacturing was evident in the interiors, which featured vinyl-covered seats, simple plastic dashboard components, and analogue instrumentation. Despite having few amenities, the 118NE was well liked by upper-middle-class Indian families in the late 1980s and early 1990s due to its smooth engine performance, smoothness, and comfortable ride.

The Maruti 1000, launched in 1990, was Maruti Suzuki's first entry into the mid-size sedan segment in India and marked a significant step up from its smaller hatchbacks. It was designed as a compact family sedan and was based on the Suzuki Cultus sedan (SA310). It had a clean, boxy appearance with rectangular headlamps, a straightforward grille, and little decoration, which reflected the practical aesthetics of the time. The vehicle was powered by a 3-cylinder, 970cc, carburetted gasoline engine that generated around 46 horsepower and was mated to a 4-speed manual gearbox. Although many essential parts were initially imported, it was manufactured at Maruti's Gurgaon factory with considerable localisation efforts. Vinyl and plastic were utilised for the inside trims, while mild steel was used for the body shell. Dashboards were constructed from injection-molded ABS plastic, while upholstery was manufactured from synthetic cloth. The Maruti 1000 was one of the first sedans in India to offer relatively refined ride quality and better NVH insulation, setting the stage for future compact sedans in the Indian market.

An Indian-built imitation of the famous Italian Vespa, the LML Vespa (1984), was created through a technical partnership between Piaggio of Italy and Lohia Machines Limited (LML). It maintained the trademark curving Vespa style while maintaining strength and endurance with the traditional monocoque steel body design, which functioned as both the chassis and exterior skin. It was powered by a 150cc 2-stroke, single-cylinder, air-cooled engine, mated to a 4-speed manual gearbox with the gear selector integrated into the left-hand grip, a typical Vespa feature. For a smooth ride, the scooter had a single-sided trailing-link front suspension, a rear hydraulic shock absorber, and pressed steel wheels with drum brakes. The engine casing was made of die-cast aluminium, the monocoque frame was made of heavy-gauge sheet metal, and the mirrors and trim were made of chrome-plated steel. Smaller components like switchgear and lamp housings were the only ones made of plastic. The LML Vespa maintained the classic Vespa appearance and dependable performance while becoming more reasonably priced by fusing local production with Italian design history.

One of the first motorcycles produced by the Hero-Honda joint venture in India was the Hero Honda CD100 (1984), which welcomed a new era of dependable, fuel-efficient commuter bikes. Its design was simple, practical, and aerodynamic; it had a circular headlamp, a flat, single-piece seat for comfort, a short fuel tank with few graphics, and chrome-plated mudguards for a timeless appearance. The bike's 97.2 cc, 4-stroke OHC air-cooled engine prioritises low maintenance and mileage. The body panels, side covers, and fenders were composed of a combination of lightweight plastic and steel to prevent rust, while the double cradle structure was constructed of tubular steel for durability. Chrome was frequently used on the handlebars and exhaust, while mild steel with anti-corrosion coatings was used to construct the chassis and fuel tank. Wheels had spoked steel rims, and rubber parts comprised seat cushions, tyres, and grips. The CD100 was a renowned commuter bike of the 1980s because of its smooth engine, sturdy construction, and good fuel efficiency (around 80–85 km/l).

The Yamaha RX100 (1985) was a legendary two-stroke motorcycle known for its sporty performance, lightweight design, and iconic styling. It had a 98cc, two-stroke, air-cooled engine with reed-valve induction that produced a distinctive exhaust note and rapid acceleration. With a teardrop-shaped fuel tank, chrome-plated front and rear mudguards, a flat, padded seat, a round headlamp, and vintage spoke wheels, its design was simple and timeless. The tank and main body panels were made of pressed steel for strength, while the frame was made of tubular double-cradle steel for rigidity and agility. Side covers were made of lightweight plastic, and the exhaust, engine casing, and handlebar were primarily made of chrome and polished aluminium. The tyres, seat cushions, and grips were all made of rubber, and the wheels included steel rims with wire spokes. With a kerb weight of about 103 kg and good build quality, it was agile but sturdy, gaining a cult following for its dependability, performance, and simplicity of modification.

A partnership between Kinetic Engineering and Honda Motor Co. produced India's first contemporary gearless scooter, the Kinetic Honda (1985), which brought a new degree of comfort to city commuting. Its 98cc, 2-stroke, air-cooled engine and continuously variable gearbox (CVT) made it incredibly user-friendly by doing away with the necessity for manual gear shifting. With a completely enclosed body, an integrated headlamp, curved panels, and a wide floorboard for comfort and functionality, the design was elegant and modern for its time. While the body panels were primarily composed of plastic-fibre composites to reduce weight and resist corrosion, the underbone chassis was constructed from high-tensile tubular steel for stability and rigidity. Mild steel with anti-rust coatings was utilised for the fuel tank and a few structural components. The engine casing and wheel hubs were made of aluminium alloys, while chrome was used sparingly, only on the exhaust cover and a few trims. The seat was a single, broad unit with vinyl covering and foam cushions. It was groundbreaking, especially for women and first-time riders in the mid-1980s, thanks to its lightweight design (around 95 kg) and electric-start automatic gearbox.

The Bajaj Sunny (1990) was a lightweight, gearless moped designed for urban commuting with simplicity and affordability in mind. It had a flat floorboard, a slender body, a simple step-through frame, and small 10-inch wheels for effortless mobility. It was perfect for short city rides because of its 60cc, two-stroke, air-cooled engine, which produced about 2.8 horsepower and could reach a top speed of about 50 km/h. The chassis was constructed using tubular steel for structural strength, while the body panels were mainly composed of pressed steel with some plastic cladding for weight reduction. It featured a trailing arm rear suspension and a basic telescopic front suspension. The Sunny’s design emphasised low cost, low maintenance, and high fuel efficiency, appealing to students and first-time riders. In order to keep the motorcycle affordable and simple to manufacture, Bajaj Auto used locally available parts with little chrome, simple paint jobs and a single-seat arrangement.

In the early 1990s, Maruti Udyog Limited (now Maruti Suzuki India Limited) set out to launch a compact and stylish car to cater to the growing Indian middle-class market. The result was the Maruti Suzuki Zen, a car designed and manufactured in India.

The Tata Sierra, launched in 1991, was a pioneering vehicle in Indian automotive history, being the first Indian-designed and manufactured SUV with a 3-door body style and modern features like power windows and air-conditioning—rare at the time. It was also an innovation in Indian automotive history. It had a huge, curved back glass area that gave it a unique appearance and great visibility thanks to its strong, futuristic design. Targeting urban shoppers seeking a balance between comfort and functionality, the design was both elegant and tough. Powered with a 2.0L Peugeot XD88 diesel engine—later updated to a turbocharged version—it was constructed on Tata's X2 chassis, which was adapted from the Tata Telcoline pickup. A significant amount of in-house engineering and fabrication was done during manufacturing at the Tata Motors facility in Pune. Steel panels that had been pressed and welded together made up the Sierra's body, while fibreglass was used for the rear roof cladding and some trim. Interiors featured moulded plastic dashboards, fabric seats, and vinyl-lined trims, giving it a car-like feel inside. The Tata Sierra helped influence the direction of utility vehicles in India and was a daring step towards domestic SUV development.

The Tata Sumo, launched in 1994, was a landmark multi-utility vehicle (MUV) developed entirely in India by Tata Motors, aimed at both civilian and military use. With its spacious cabin, flat hood, and towering stance, the Sumo's boxy, utilitarian design provided enough room for up to nine people. Its practical design placed a strong emphasis on longevity and ease of upkeep, which made it perfect for Indian road conditions. A 2.0L Peugeot XD88 diesel engine powered it; later, Tata's own upgraded engines took its place. Using a ladder-frame chassis, pressed steel body panels, and strengthened underbody structures for strength, the Sumo was constructed at Tata's Pune factory. Depending on the version, the dashboard and interior trims were made of plastics and vinyl, the frame and body were made of mild steel, and the seat upholstery was either vinyl or cloth. Throughout the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s, government organisations, taxi drivers, and rural families all chose the Tata Sumo because of its sturdy construction, roomy cabin, and affordability.

The Force Trax (1998) was a rugged multi-utility vehicle developed by Force Motors Ltd., formerly known as Bajaj Tempo Ltd., aimed primarily at rural, semi-urban, and commercial markets. With a lengthy wheelbase that can hold up to 12 passengers or large goods, flat panels, and a high ground clearance, its boxy and functional design prioritised functionality over aesthetics. It had a 2.0- to 2.6-litre diesel engine, produced under licence and renowned for its dependability and ease of maintenance, that was adapted from Mercedes. The vehicle's ladder-frame structure provided structural integrity for both load-bearing and off-road situations. The body panels were made of stamped sheet metal with a strengthened steel frame, and the inside was simple with vinyl upholstery, moulded plastic accents, and few electronic parts to reduce maintenance costs. Its sturdy construction and ease of use made it a favourite among Indian government, law enforcement, and rural transportation users.

The Tata Safari (1998) was India's first true SUV designed and developed entirely by an Indian company, marking a milestone for Tata Motors. Featuring a lofty stance, an upright front grille, wide wheel arches, and a side-opening rear door, the Safari's aggressive and muscular look at launch embodied the tough SUV image of the time. It was propelled by a 2.0-litre turbocharged diesel engine that was first purchased from Peugeot and subsequently improved in later models. The ladder-frame chassis on which the vehicle was constructed provided durability for off-road use. A large percentage of the car was locally made in India, with manufacturing taking place at Tata's Pune factory. The Safari's body panels were composed of pressed steel, and its interior had fabric or leatherette seats, injection-moulded plastic accents, and some internal fittings reinforced with glass fibre. It was marketed as a high-end Indian SUV for both urban and outdoor customers, with equipment including air conditioning, power steering, and optional 4WD.

The TATA Indica, launched in 1998, was India’s first fully indigenous passenger car designed by Tata Motors. Its design, created in partnership with the Italian design firm IDEA Institute, was a small hatchback with rounded, European-inspired style. At a time when the combination of a diesel engine, a roomy cabin, and fuel efficiency was uncommon in small automobiles, the Indica stood out. Manufacturing took place at Tata’s Pune facility using a high degree of local content. For durability and safety, the body structure was constructed using steel monocoque, while the bumpers, interior panels, and trim were made of plastic and fibre-reinforced materials. With its 1.4L diesel engine (and later gasoline variants), independent suspension, and front-wheel drive, the automobile was reasonably priced and useful. The TATA Indica, which marked Tata Motors' entry into the passenger automobile market, marked a turning point in India's automotive history.

San Motors India Ltd. introduced the San Storm in 1998; it was one of the few convertible sports cars made in India specifically for urban consumers looking for a fun, fashionable car. With its low-slung profile, rounded front, and sporting spirit, the design, which was created in partnership with the Le Mans Group in France, has a distinctly European flair. In contrast to automobiles with metal bodies, the fibreglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) body is lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and less impact-absorbent. The San Storm was powered by a 1.2L petrol engine from Renault that was installed on a tubular steel chassis and coupled to a 5-speed manual gearbox. The majority of the body panels were hand-laid at San Motors' Goa plant, indicating a semi-custom build technique. Despite its distinctive positioning, the car's restricted dealer network, niche appeal, and lack of practicality caused it to struggle in the Indian market; yet, it is still a noteworthy attempt at producing sports cars domestically.

India's first MPV attempt was the Rajah (later Kajah) Kazwa, which was introduced in 1998 by Kerala's Rajah Group (which produces Ayurvedic and beedi goods under Rajah Motors). It was two years ahead of Toyota's Qualis. The Kazwa, which was constructed on a specially designed sheet-steel chassis and had a fibreglass body, was heavily influenced by the Renault Espace, as seen by its tall, spacious interior, low window line, and broad frontal glass. It had a 2.0 L Hindustan Isuzu Contessa diesel engine under the hood that produced about 70–72 PS. Hindustan Motors supplied the drivetrain, suspension (independent front, semi-floating rear), brakes, power steering, and gearbox. Dual air conditioning, power steering, windows, central locking, power mirrors, an available sunroof, alloy or wire-spoke wheels, and even a sporty violet-grey dual-tone paint were all features that were ahead of their time. At their Chavakkad, Thrissur factory, some four to seven prototypes were constructed; but, because of problems with regulatory permission and a lack of a sales-service network, they were unable to achieve mass production. The Kazwa, which combines a domestically constructed steel-fibreglass hybrid chassis, European-style styling, and parts from reputable domestic sources, is nevertheless an important if underappreciated pioneer in India's automotive history, even if only a small number of them are left today.

The Hero Honda Splendor (1994) was designed as a highly reliable and fuel-efficient commuter motorcycle, continuing the legacy of the Hero Honda CD100 but with improved styling and ergonomics. It had a long, comfortable seat, flush side panels, a streamlined, aerodynamic fuel tank, and a simple yet stylish headlamp design. With a 97.2 cc air-cooled, 4-stroke engine built on Honda's renowned technology, it produced about 7.4 horsepower and an amazing 80 km/l of mileage, making it one of the most fuel-efficient motorcycles of its era. A tubular double-cradle steel chassis made up the frame, which guaranteed stability and longevity on Indian roads. For weight reduction and corrosion resistance, the majority of the body sections were constructed from pressed steel panels with ABS plastic trims. A balanced ride was offered by telescopic front forks and dual rear shock absorbers, and spoke wheels with drum brakes kept expenses down. Hero Honda's Dharuhera plant in Haryana was used for manufacturing, and a large percentage of the components were locally sourced to guarantee affordability and ease of maintenance. The Splendour is one of the best-selling commuter motorcycles in India because of its simple yet practical design, low maintenance needs, and sturdy construction.

The Bajaj Boxer (1997) was introduced as a rugged and affordable commuter motorcycle aimed at rural and semi-urban markets, known for its durability and low running costs. With its boxy fuel tank, flat seat, metal fenders, and sparse body panels, it had a simple yet sturdy design that prioritised functionality above style. Its 100cc, 4-stroke, air-cooled engine, which was created using Kawasaki technology, produced about 7.6 horsepower and offered exceptional fuel efficiency along with ease of maintenance. The body panels were composed of pressed steel with minimal plastic components to increase endurance, and the chassis was a tubular steel double cradle frame designed to endure harsh road conditions. For dependability at a reasonable price, it had spoke wheels, drum brakes, twin rear shock absorbers, and telescopic front forks. The Akurdi and Chakan plants of Bajaj Auto were used for manufacturing, and a large percentage of the parts were locally sourced, guaranteeing affordability and convenient access to spare parts. For Indian riders who needed a reliable daily commuter, the Boxer was a popular workhorse because of its sturdy construction, straightforward mechanics, and great load-bearing ability.

The Tata Indigo, launched in 2002, was Tata Motors’ first compact sedan based on the successful Tata Indica platform. It had a more spacious cargo and kept the front half of the Indica's design, making it an inexpensive family vehicle with a sedan form factor. Targeting urban Indian buyers, the style was understated with a more sophisticated rear portion, a chrome-finished grille, and body-coloured bumpers. It was produced utilising monocoque construction at Tata's facility in Pune. The vehicle's exterior panels were made of pressed steel, while its interior was composed of a combination of metal and plastic parts. High-tensile steel was used in the chassis to provide structural stiffness. In addition to using materials like aluminium for engine components, plastic-moulded dashboards, fabric upholstery and glass-reinforced plastic for some interior components, the Indigo was available with both petrol and diesel engine options. Its value-for-money approach, low cost of ownership, and straightforward yet functional design allowed Tata to establish a presence in the Indian entry-level sedan market.

The Mahindra Scorpio, launched in 2002, marked a significant milestone as Mahindra & Mahindra’s first indigenously designed and developed SUV. Its design was a collaboration between Mahindra’s in-house engineering team and AVL (Austria) for engine development, with styling inputs from the renowned design firm Ken Balough. With its lofty posture, vertical grille, and prominent wheel arches, the Scorpio's appearance was bold and tough, indicating its off-road prowess. It had rear-wheel drive and four-wheel drive options and was constructed on a ladder-frame chassis, which combined strength and durability. A 2.6L turbocharged diesel engine (created in collaboration with AVL) and a 5-speed manual gearbox propelled the car. In order to keep costs down, manufacturing was done at Mahindra's Nashik facility using locally sourced components. The inside included vinyl, fabric upholstery, and injection-moulded plastic accents, while the body panels were mostly composed of stamped steel. With the introduction of the Scorpio, Mahindra's reputation was completely changed, and the business went from making utility vehicles to becoming a major participant in the domestic and foreign SUV industries.

The Chinkara Roadster 1.8S, introduced in 2003 by Chinkara Motors in India, was a lightweight, open-top sports car inspired by the classic Lotus Seven. Inspired by the vintage Lotus Seven, Chinkara Motors debuted the lightweight, open-top Chinkara Roadster 1.8S in India in 2003. It had a low-slung body, exposed wheels, and a tubular space frame chassis that prioritised performance and agility in its minimalist, retro-modern design. The design, which offers a purist experience with few electronic aids, was geared towards driving aficionados. A 1.8L MPFI petrol engine from the Maruti Suzuki Esteem, which produced about 88 horsepower, was used to power the vehicle. It was mated to a 5-speed manual gearbox. Many parts were manufactured or modified from pre-existing Indian cars in order to keep costs down throughout the manufacturing process, which was conducted in a small-scale, semi-custom setup close to Mumbai. High-tensile steel tubes were selected for rigidity and crash safety in the chassis, while lightweight fibreglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) was used for the body. With a focus on weight reduction, the interior materials were simple, with metal finishes, leather or vinyl seats, and no instrumentation. With the goal of providing a reasonably priced, track-ready sports car experience, the Chinkara Roadster operated as a niche performance offering in India.

The ICML Extreme, launched in 2006 by International Cars and Motors Ltd. (ICML)—a subsidiary of the Sonalika Group—was designed as a rugged, multi-utility vehicle targeting both rural and semi-urban markets in India. It featured a boxy, SUV-inspired design with a high ground clearance and a no-frills exterior, prioritising utility over aesthetics. The Mahindra Bolero had an influence on the design language, which appealed to consumers looking for a durable and dependable car. It had a 2.0L diesel engine under the hood that was created in partnership with Ricardo PLC (UK) and was renowned for its dependability and fuel efficiency. With a focus on strong localisation of parts, the vehicle was produced at ICML's factory in Amb, Himachal Pradesh. The inside was functional, with simple plastics and easily maintained fabric upholstery, while the body sections were composed of reinforced steel. With possibilities for both 7- and 9-seater configurations, the ICML Extreme was marketed as an affordable solution for both family and business use.

The Tata Nano, launched in 2008, was conceived as the world’s cheapest car, envisioned by Ratan Tata to provide an affordable mobility solution for Indian families. The Nano, created by the in-house team of Tata Motors in partnership with IDEM and Trilix, had a small, egg-shaped design and a rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive configuration—a unique decision meant to maximise internal space while minimising the footprint. Its lightweight design was made possible by a 624 cc two-cylinder petrol engine that was situated at the back. Production was previously done in Pantnagar, but the manufacturing was done at Tata's plant in Sanand, Gujarat. In order to cut costs, the Nano made extensive use of lightweight materials, including plastic bumpers, a monocoque body structure made of thin-gauge steel, little sound insulation, and simplified parts like a single windscreen wiper and no power steering. The interior was simple, with cloth seats and harsh plastics, emphasising utility over elegance. The Nano's low-cost innovation and efficient design make it a significant milestone in automotive engineering, even with its modest success.

The Honda Activa (2001), a family-friendly, unisex scooter with a sleek, contemporary appearance, was a revolutionary scooter in India. It had a big, comfy seat, integrated headlamps and indicators, smooth body panels, plenty of under-seat storage, and a simple yet sturdy design. It was equipped with a high-rigidity underbone frame for improved stability and a 102 cc 4-stroke air-cooled engine. High-quality ABS plastic and sheet metal were used to create the body panels, which combined lightweight design and durability. To increase structural strength, high-tensile steel was used to make the frame itself. For improved heat dissipation and weight reduction, aluminium alloy was used to make important sections such as the engine casing, crankcase and gearbox. The scooter included polyurethane foam for the seat cushion, aluminium die-cast wheels, and sturdy rubber floor mats and tyres. The Activa's supremacy in the scooter market began when it was manufactured by Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India (HMSI) and was designed for dependability, ease of handling, and little maintenance.

The Hero Honda Passion (2001) was a stylish commuter motorcycle designed to offer a balance of reliability, fuel efficiency, and modern aesthetics. It had a stylish yet functional appearance because of its streamlined fuel tank with integrated shrouds, eye-catching body graphics, cosy single-piece seat, and semi-rounded headlight with clear indicators. It was mounted on a tubular double-cradle steel frame for stability and durability, and it was powered by a 97.2 cc 4-stroke, air-cooled engine that was derived from the well-proven CD100 platform. Pressed steel was used for the fuel tank and side panels, while high-impact ABS plastic was used for lightweight strength in body panels such as the side covers and headlamp cowl. For improved heat dissipation, the engine's crankcase and cylinder head were made of aluminium alloy, and the exhaust system was made of mild steel that had been chrome-finished to prevent corrosion. The wheels had rubber tyres on spoked steel rims, while the seat cushions were made of polyurethane foam. Hero Honda Motors Ltd. produced the Passion, one of the most well-liked commuter bikes of its era, by fusing Hero's economical manufacturing with Honda's sophisticated engineering.

The Bajaj Pulsar 2001 was a revolutionary motorcycle that marked Bajaj Auto’s entry into the performance bike segment in India. It had a broad rear stance, an aerodynamic headlight cowl, and a huge fuel tank, giving it a powerful and sporty appearance reminiscent of a streetfighter. The 150cc and 180cc air-cooled, single-cylinder, 4-stroke DTS-i engines, which are renowned for their powerful low-end torque and fuel efficiency, were the two engine options available for the bike. For stability and longevity, the frame was a single downtube, tubular chassis constructed of high-tensile steel. ABS plastic and sheet metal were used to create the fuel tank and side panels, which combined strength and weight reduction. The wheels were alloy rims with spokes or alternative cast wheel versions, and the seat was padded with foam and covered in synthetic leather. Comfort on difficult roads was provided by the suspension components, which comprised dual Nitrox shock absorbers at the back and telescopic forks at the front. With an emphasis on precise machining, die-cast aluminium engine parts, and long-lasting paint finishes to guarantee long-lasting quality, manufacturing was carried out at Bajaj's Chakan plant in Pune using a combination of in-house and vendor-supplied parts.

Launched in 2002, the Royal Enfield Thunderbird 350 represented a major advancement in Enfield's cruiser lineup, catering especially to younger riders looking for a contemporary yet timeless appeal. Wide handlebars, forward-set footpegs, a teardrop-shaped fuel tank, and a low-slung cruiser appearance made for a comfortable riding position that was perfect for long-distance touring. The 350cc air-cooled, 4-stroke, single-cylinder AVL (Anstalt für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen List) lean-burn engine was introduced, improving rider ergonomics with an integrated 5-speed transmission on the left side (a shift from the traditional right-side gearshift). For increased rigidity and riding comfort, a double-cradle frame built of tubular steel was used in the chassis' construction. The fuel tank and the majority of the body panels were composed of steel, which gave it endurance and a vintage appearance. The Thunderbird's unusual "tiger eye" pilot lamp, chrome-plated components, and alloy wheels—a first for Royal Enfield at the time—all contributed to its distinctive character. It was produced in Royal Enfield's Chennai unit and established a new course for the company by striking a balance between vintage style and contemporary dependability and usability.

Targeting female riders and beginners, the TVS Scooty Pep was introduced in 2003 as a small, lightweight scooter. With a sleek, unisex design, smooth contours, vivid colours, and a low seat height (about 740 mm) to ensure ease of use for shorter riders, its design placed a strong emphasis on ergonomics, accessibility, and manoeuvrability. A smooth, gearless ride and good fuel efficiency were provided by the scooter's 87.8 cc, air-cooled, 4-stroke motor with CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission). It was lightweight (kerb weight around 95 kg) and durable thanks to its high-tensile steel monocoque frame. Fibre-reinforced composites and ABS plastic made up the majority of the body panels, which improved corrosion resistance and reduced weight. The Scooty Pep, which was produced at the TVS Motor Company's plant in Hosur, Tamil Nadu, gained enormous popularity because of its low cost, simple maintenance, and user-friendly design. It also helped TVS solidify its dominance in the gearless scooter market.

The Royal Enfield Classic 500, launched in 2009, marked a significant evolution in the brand's lineup by blending retro styling with modern engineering. Its classic design, which was influenced by post-World War II motorcycles, captured the essence of British motorcycles of the 1950s with its teardrop fuel tank, vintage-style insignia, sprung single saddle, and peashooter exhaust. The Unit Construction Engine (UCE), a 499 cc, single-cylinder, fuel-injected, air-cooled engine that produced smoother performance and complied with contemporary pollution standards, was used for the first time by a Royal Enfield. The Classic 500 was manufactured at Royal Enfield’s facility in Chennai, India, using a combination of a mild steel chassis, aluminium alloy engine components, and sheet metal body panels. Its classic look was enhanced by chrome-plated components, spoke wheels, and conventional finishes; the rider was kept comfortable by leatherette seat coverings and rubber (for footrests and grips). The model, which provided a vintage ride supported by contemporary dependability, was essential to Royal Enfield's worldwide comeback.

India's first real street rod and most costly domestically produced luxury vehicle is the Hradyesh Morris Street, which was introduced in 2011 by the boutique luxury manufacturer Hradyesh. The Morris Street was constructed almost entirely by hand using the existing chassis of a 1940s Morris model, but every component—from the motor, gears, and brakes to the specially designed chassis and high-performance suspension—is made to exacting specifications. A 1,400 cc custom-block engine that produces about 90 horsepower and 120 Nm of torque powers the vehicle, giving it a distinctly swaggering, vintage driving sensation. The interior is furnished with hand-stitched, royal-red leather, period-style aesthetics, and a top-tier audio-visual system, all of which are designed to create a luxurious ambiance that radiates exclusivity and individuality. The body is beautiful and curvy, and it is finished in a super-silver paint. The Morris Street, which costs over 2.7 crore and is the only one ever constructed, is a unique handcrafted masterpiece that embodies Hradyesh's goal to bring an ultra-luxury, made-to-order "masterpiece edition" to the Indian auto industry.

The Mahindra Electric e2o (2013), a compact urban electric hatchback, was India’s first mass-produced electric car under Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles, following Mahindra’s acquisition of Reva Electric Car Company. The e2o, which was primarily made for city commuting, had a clever, futuristic look with a big windscreen, two doors, and a simple, environmentally friendly design. It included a reinforced bonded monocoque structure composed of polycarbonate and ABS panels, which are strong and lightweight materials that improve corrosion resistance and efficiency. The vehicle was powered by a 48V lithium-ion battery and a 19 kW (25.5 bhp) electric motor, offering a range of approximately 100 km per charge. In keeping with its sustainability-driven philosophy, the e2o was put together at Bengaluru's first platinum-rated green manufacturing facility using low-emission and energy-efficient techniques. It was a cutting-edge electric transportation solution for its time, with an interior that prioritised smart communication and included touchscreen infotainment and remote diagnostics.

The Mahindra XUV500 (2014) was a flagship SUV designed with a strong focus on bold styling, performance, and modern features to compete in the premium SUV segment. With aggressive lines, powerful wheel arches, a unique front grille, and swept-back headlamps that added to its dramatic road presence, its design was inspired by a cheetah. The monocoque chassis design, which was Mahindra's first internal effort, provided improved handling and increased rigidity. High levels of localisation and engineering contributions from Mahindra's R&D centre, the Mahindra Research Valley in Chennai, were included in the XUV500, which was manufactured at Mahindra's factory in Chakan, Pune. For structural integrity, the body shell was mainly composed of high-strength steel, but the body panels also contained stamped steel and a small amount of composite and plastic for the cladding and bumpers. In order to create a more upscale feel, interior components included brushed aluminium highlights, injection-moulded plastics, and imitation leather for upholstery in higher variations. With features like touchscreen infotainment, all-wheel drive, and cutting-edge safety systems for its time, the SUV was propelled by a 2.2L mHawk diesel engine and a 6-speed manual gearbox.

Vazirani Automotive, an Indian firm started by Chunky Vazirani, introduced the Vazirani Shul (2018), a high-performance electric hypercar concept. In order to blend state-of-the-art Indian engineering with international design sensibilities, the Shul was created with input from the Force India F1 team and the esteemed Rolls-Royce aerospace business. It has an aggressive front fascia, a modern cabin that emphasises performance and minimalism, and a remarkable aerodynamic design with flowing lines. The Shul is powered by a jet turbine-electric hybrid powertrain, where a microturbine charges the battery, which in turn powers four individual electric motors, offering all-wheel drive and instant torque. For increased strength and decreased weight, it makes use of carbon fibre body panels and a monocoque carbon fibre chassis. Despite having precision-engineered and internationally sourced components, the vehicle's design language preserves subtleties of Indian culture, making it a representation of India's aspirations for the future of the automotive industry. Even though it was only a concept when it was unveiled, it demonstrated India's growing potential in luxury electric vehicles.

The KTM Duke 200, launched in 2012 in India, was a game-changer in the entry-level performance motorcycle segment with its aggressive naked streetfighter design. Its minimalist bodywork, exposed trellis frame, and sharp lines highlighted its lightweight performance and agility. It was created in Austria by KTM and jointly developed with Bajaj Auto. As part of a global collaboration, it was produced at Bajaj's Chakan plant near Pune. A 199.5 cc single-cylinder, liquid-cooled, fuel-injected engine coupled with a 6-speed transmission gave the bike a powerful performance that made it perfect for sporty and urban riding. A high-tensile steel trellis frame, aluminium alloy wheels, and plastic (ABS) body panels for weight reduction were among the materials utilised. WP's upside-down front forks and a monoshock rear suspension system were used, while disc brakes with optional ABS provided safety. All things considered, the KTM Duke 200 (2012) established a new standard for reasonably priced performance biking by fusing sturdy Indian production with sleek European design.

The Royal Enfield Himalayan, launched in 2016, was the brand’s first purpose-built adventure touring motorcycle, designed from the ground up to tackle rugged terrains and long-distance travel. With a large windscreen, split seat, high ground clearance, baggage mounting points, and a digital-analogue instrument cluster with a compass and trip meter—perfect for off-road exploration—it was created by Royal Enfield's design teams in the UK and India. It was powered by a recently created 411 cc air-cooled single-cylinder SOHC engine (LS410), which provided useful torque at low RPMs, allowing versatility in a variety of environments. The bike, which was made at Royal Enfield's plant in Chennai, India, used a half-duplex split cradle steel frame that was created in partnership with Harris Performance (UK). Rubber for grips and foot pegs, polymer plastics for mudguards and side panels, aluminium parts for weight reduction, and steel for the chassis and petrol tank were among the essential materials. The Himalayan, which marked Royal Enfield's debut into the international adventure bike market, stood out for its tough simplicity, fusing comfort with durability.

India's first reasonably priced dual-sport adventure motorcycle, the Hero XPulse 200, was introduced in 2019 and is built for both off-road capability and on-road comfort. It has a tough, go-anywhere appearance with useful trail protection due to its high-mounted front mudguard, long-travel suspension, elevated exhaust, knuckle guards, and bash plate. Lightweight and adaptability are key components of the design, which was created internally at Hero MotoCorp's CIT (Centre of Innovation and Technology) in Jaipur. It has a single-cylinder, air-cooled, 199.6 cc engine that is fuel-injected for efficiency and pollution control. The XPulse is manufactured at Hero’s production facility in Haridwar, India, using a diamond-type steel frame for durability and aluminium components like the swingarm for reduced weight. Rubber components provide comfort and traction, while ABS and polypropylene plastic body panels are utilised for durability and economy. The XPulse 200 established a standard for accessible adventure riding in India with its off-road ergonomics, Bluetooth-enabled digital console, and simple yet practical design.

The 2020 Ather 450X was designed and built in India; it was first manufactured in Ather Energy's Bengaluru plant before being expanded at its Hosur, Tamil Nadu, plant, which started production in early 2021. Its precision-machined hybrid chassis strikes a compromise between lightweight stiffness, crash safety, and battery shielding by integrating cast-aluminium main frame components with selective high-strength steel reinforcing. With the 2.9 kWh/21700 cell pack enclosed within a Tesla-inspired aluminium structure integrated in the frame for enhanced thermal and impact protection, the chassis design also serves as the battery casing. Sharp, contemporary style and panelwork are highlighted by flush-fitting body panels, a lattice-exposed aluminium trellis frame that is visible beneath the seat sections, and streamlined LED lighting (tail, headlights, and indicators) that combines durability and minimalism. At debut, the fit-and-finish received recognition for its high-end details like aluminium mirror stalks and number-plate brackets, clean edges, matte paint options (especially Space Grey), and sturdy construction. Reviewers pointed out that the scooter's thick aluminium safety margins contribute to its relatively heavy curb mass (~108 kg), but this was done on purpose to preserve the NMC battery chemistry and improve structural stiffness without sacrificing manoeuvrability.

Jawa Motorcycles introduced the Jawa Perak (2020), a factory-custom bobber motorbike with minimalist style intended to create a retro-modern look. It has a unique, rebellious appearance reminiscent of vintage bobbers thanks to its low-slung stance, matte black finish, floating single seat, and bar-end mirrors. A 334 cc single-cylinder, liquid-cooled DOHC engine that produces about 30.64 PS and 32.74 Nm of torque and is connected to a 6-speed gearbox powers the motorbike. Its double cradle tubular frame and mono-shock rear suspension, which is exclusive to Jawas, enable a more streamlined rear profile. The front is equipped with dual-channel ABS disc brakes at both ends and telescopic forks. Precision engineering is ensured by the Mahindra-owned factory in Pithampur, Madhya Pradesh, where manufacturing is conducted. A steel frame, metal body panels, aluminium engine parts, and rubberised and leather-like seat coverings are some of the materials that give it a tough yet elegant look.

The Royal Enfield Classic 350 (2021) is a modern iteration of the iconic retro cruiser, blending vintage aesthetics with updated engineering. Its teardrop-shaped fuel tank, circular headlamps with pilot lights, peashooter exhaust, and spoked or alloy wheels are all hallmarks of its neo-retro style, which was influenced by British bikes built after World War II. Built on the new J-series platform, the 2021 model offers a more refined and high-quality ride. Compared to the earlier UCE engine, the 349cc air-oil-cooled single-cylinder engine produces smoother performance and less vibration. The bike is manufactured in Royal Enfield's Oragadam facility in Chennai, India, using state-of-the-art production lines equipped with precision machining, robotic welding, and stringent quality control. The frame and body panels are made of steel, the engine parts are made of aluminium alloy, and the grips, footrests, and switchgear are made of rubber and plastic composites. In addition, the Classic 350 (2021) maintains its classic style while adding dual-channel ABS, electronic fuel injection (EFI), and a semi-digital instrument cluster for increased safety.

The Ola S1 Pro (2021) is a sleek and futuristic electric scooter designed with smooth monocoque body panels, integrated twin-pod LED headlamps, and a wide touchscreen dashboard, giving it a modern yet minimalist aesthetic. It emphasises both form and function with its alloy wheels, telescopic front suspension, and monoshock rear suspension, all mounted on a tubular steel frame. With a certified range of 181 km and a top speed of 115 km/h, the scooter is powered by a 3.97 kWh NMC (Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt) lithium-ion battery and a mid-drive IPM electric motor. It is manufactured at the highly automated Ola FutureFactory in Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, which has internal battery and motor manufacturing facilities as well as robotic assembly lines. The frame and body are made of steel and sheet metal, the battery connectors are made of aluminium, the battery housing is made of UV-bonded plastic, and some of the external panels have glass-reinforced polymer components. The S1 Pro blends advanced EV technology with elegant industrial design to deliver a high-performance, eco-friendly urban mobility solution.

The Yulu Dex, launched in mid-2021, was purpose-built as an ultra-light, low-speed electric two-wheeler tailored for short-mile deliveries of food, groceries, and medicines. It is categorised as a low-speed EV, which means that drivers do not require a driver's license, and has a top speed of 25 km/h and a certified range of about 60 km per charge. Its design includes a small, narrow chassis that is ideal for navigating through crowded city streets and an integrated rear cargo rack that can safely hold up to 12 kg of delivery products. An ergonomically low seat height and increased cushioning provide comfort for gig workers who ride their bikes for extended periods of time in crowded and uneven roadways. The Dex is thought to have a tubular steel chassis or frame with sheet-metal body panels, ensuring durability in delivery circumstances, even though specific material specifications were not made public. A lithium-ion battery pack powers its electric drivetrain. It is designed for quick swaps using a push-fit mechanism behind the seat, enabling seamless use with Yulu's "Yulu Max" charging and battery swap network across Bengaluru, Delhi, and Mumbai. Yulu's app's real-time IoT connection through smart battery and vehicle systems allows for charge, health, fault, and ride telemetry monitoring, promoting preventive maintenance and almost zero downtime.